B.Sc NURSING PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS



 

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ANION GAP - definition & Types - EASY NOTES

 Anion Gap: --Na+ & K+ together accounts for 95% of cations and Cl- ,HCO3- accounts for 86% of anions. --commonly only these electrolytes are measured but there is always a difference between measured cations & measured anions -- the unmeasured anions like sulfates, phosphates, organic acids contribute to the anion gap. -- Calculation of anion gap - Difference between (Na+ + K+) & (HCO3- + Cl-) --Normal anion gap is about 12mmol/l 2 types of anion gap  1.High Anion Gap Metabolic acidosis(HAGMA) -- acidosis along with increased anion gap is called as high anion gap metabolic acidosis -- Causes of HAGMA are Lactic Acidosis , Diabetic Keto acidosis  2.Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis(NAGMA) --when there loss of both anions & cations the anion gap is normal but acidosis may be present and it is called as normal anion gap metabolic acidosis - -Causes of NAGMA are - Diarrhea, Renal Tubular Acidosis
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TRANSLATION - EASY NOTES

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- It is a  process of protein synthesis -Information carried by m-RNA in the form of genetic code is translated by ribosomes to amino acids and protein is formed. -Occurs in the  cytoplasm -Translation of m-RNA takes place from 5' end to 3' end Requirements for Translation m-RNA t-RNA Ribosomes   Energy in the form of ATP & GTP Specific protein factors initiation factor, elongation factor Steps: Step I. ACTIVATION OF AMINO ACID activation is the process of attachment of amino acid to t-RNA. it takes place in the cytoplasm the CCA 3' end of t-RNA carries a codon that is specific for each of 20 amino acids. the 'D' arm of t-RNA has a site for recognition enzymes as the t-RNA recognizes the amino acid, it gets attached to the amino acid with the help of enzyme aminoacyl t-RNA synthase. in this process, 2 energy bonds are utilized. The activation is a two step process -  1.      formation of AMP amino...
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