B.Sc NURSING PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS



 

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ANION GAP - definition & Types - EASY NOTES

 Anion Gap: --Na+ & K+ together accounts for 95% of cations and Cl- ,HCO3- accounts for 86% of anions. --commonly only these electrolytes are measured but there is always a difference between measured cations & measured anions -- the unmeasured anions like sulfates, phosphates, organic acids contribute to the anion gap. -- Calculation of anion gap - Difference between (Na+ + K+) & (HCO3- + Cl-) --Normal anion gap is about 12mmol/l 2 types of anion gap  1.High Anion Gap Metabolic acidosis(HAGMA) -- acidosis along with increased anion gap is called as high anion gap metabolic acidosis -- Causes of HAGMA are Lactic Acidosis , Diabetic Keto acidosis  2.Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis(NAGMA) --when there loss of both anions & cations the anion gap is normal but acidosis may be present and it is called as normal anion gap metabolic acidosis - -Causes of NAGMA are - Diarrhea, Renal Tubular Acidosis
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DIETARY FIBRE - EASY NOTES

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-- Dietary Fibre is the polysaccharide fraction of plant cell wall. -- It is a form of starch that is resistant to hydrolysis --Dietary fibre is important in animals for maintaining normal healthy intestinal tissues. -- In humans it is not digested due to the absence of the enzyme cellobiase. --Cellobiase is an enzyme that can split cellulose at beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage --Dietary Fibre as such does not have any nutritional value but it promotes peristalsis in intestines and prevents constipation. TYPES OF DIETARY FIBRE Advantages: --hypolipidemic effect --hypoglycemic effect' --keeps intestinal tract healthy --prevents constipation Disadvantages - -Excessive Fibre may cause irritation to intestinal mucosa causing diarrhoea,abdominal discomfort,bloating & constipation. --Excessive Fibre binds to zinc,calcium,magnesium and decreases their absorption.
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